Bir es-Safadi and Abou Matar are two key-sites of the Chalcolithic period (late 5th to early 4th Millennium BC). These two large settlements are today located on opposite sides of the Nahal (seasonal water course) Beer Sheva, now within the modern town of the same name. The were excavated by Jean Perrot between 1952 and 1960. He unearthed extensive evidence of subterranean structures linked by galleries as well as above-ground, stone built dwellings. In addition to evidence of copper production, the excavations yielded wealth of information on agro-pastoralist populations living...